@article {542991, title = {The complexity of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway.}, journal = {Agents Actions Suppl}, volume = {49}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {33-43}, abstract = {There have been significant recent advances in our understanding of the role of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway in T-cell activation and self-tolerance. Recent studies have begun to clarify how signaling through this pathway can influence cytokine production. The critical role for CTLA-4 in regulating T-cell activation and autoreactivity has been demonstrated, revealing a previously unsuspected means by which costimulation is involved in the maintenance and breakdown of self-tolerance. In vivo studies indicate the therapeutic potential of manipulating this important, but complex, immunoregulatory pathway.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigens, CD, Antigens, CD28, Antigens, CD80, Antigens, Differentiation, CTLA-4 Antigen, Cytokines, Humans, Immunoconjugates, Lymphocyte Activation, T-Lymphocytes}, issn = {0379-0363}, author = {Schweitzer, A N and Sharpe, A. H.} } @article {542966, title = {Distinct roles for B7 costimulation in contact hypersensitivity and humoral immune responses to epicutaneous antigen.}, journal = {Eur J Immunol}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 Dec}, pages = {4221-7}, abstract = {Productive interactions between B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells (DC) and CD28 on T cells are thought to be critical for successful antigen presentation. Epicutaneous application of haptens induces both contact hypersensitivity (CHS), an inflammatory cutaneous response mediated by CD8+ T cells, and an anti-hapten antibody response mediated by CD4+ helper T cells. The role of B7 costimulation in the immune response to oxazolone (Ox) was analyzed using mice lacking either B7-1 (B7-1-/-), B7-2 (B7-2-/-), or both (Db-/-) of these costimulatory molecules. The absence of both B7-1 and B7-2 results in diminished CHS. This inhibition is largely overcome at higher hapten sensitizing doses indicating the presence of compensatory pathways. In contrast, anti-Ox IgG1 and IgG2a responses were not detected in the absence of both B7-1 and B7-2, even at high sensitizing doses, indicating an obligatory role of B7 costimulation in IgG class switching. B7-1 and B7-2 have overlapping functions in both CHS responses and anti-hapten response. B7-2-/- mice demonstrated a modestly reduced CHS response only at very low doses of Ox (0.05\%), but responded normally at higher Ox doses, and B7-1-/- mice had CHS responses indistinguishable from those of wild-type mice. Similarly, anti-Ox IgG responses were comparable in wild-type, B7-1-/- and B7-2-/- mice. Taken together, these studies reveal distinct roles for B7 costimulation in response to epicutaneous antigens with an obligatory role for IgG class switching and an important, but nonessential role for CHS responses.}, keywords = {Animals, Antibody Formation, Antigen Presentation, Antigens, CD, Antigens, CD80, Antigens, CD86, Dendritic Cells, Dermatitis, Contact, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Oxazolone, T-Lymphocytes}, issn = {0014-2980}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199812)28:12\&$\#$60;4221::AID-IMMU4221\&$\#$62;3.0.CO;2-M}, author = {Rauschmayr-Kopp, T and Williams,I.R. and Borriello, F and Sharpe, A. H. and Kupper,T.S.} } @article {542971, title = {Importance of B7-1-expressing host antigen-presenting cells for the eradication of B7-2 transfected P815 tumor cells.}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {161}, number = {12}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 Dec 15}, pages = {6552-8}, abstract = {We have previously shown that B7-2 (CD86)-transfected P815 tumor cells elicit tumor-eradicating immunity that leads to the regression of the B7-2+ P815 tumor after transient growth in normal DBA/2 mice. Here, we show that both the B7-2 and B7-1 (CD80) molecules contribute to the eradication of B7-2+ P815 tumors as treatment of the mice with both anti-B7-2 and anti-B7-1 mAb was required to prevent B7-2+ P815 tumor regression. The cells that expressed the B7-1 molecule following inoculation of B7-2+ P815 tumor cells into normal mice were not the tumor cells but rather host APCs including MAC-1+ cells present in the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, B7-1-expressing host APCs were found to be important for the rejection of B7-2+ P815 tumors as anti-B7-2 mAb alone, which was ineffective in preventing B7-2+ P815 tumor rejection by normal wild-type mice, was effective in preventing B7-2+ P815 tumor rejection by mice in which the B7-1 gene was disrupted. Finally, consistent with the importance of B7-1-expressing host APCs for the generation of tumor-eradicating immunity against B7-2+ P815 tumor cells, CD4+ T cells (not only CD8+ T cells) were found to participate in tumor-eradicating immunity against B7-2+ P815 tumor cells. Thus, in addition to eliciting tumor-eradicating immunity directly, B7-2+ P815 tumor cells elicit tumor-eradicating immunity indirectly through B7-1-expressing host APCs that present tumor-associated Ags to CD4+ T cells.}, keywords = {Animals, Antigen Presentation, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Antigens, CD, Antigens, CD80, Antigens, CD86, Antigens, Neoplasm, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Female, Mast-Cell Sarcoma, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred DBA, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Transfection, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Up-Regulation}, issn = {0022-1767}, author = {La Motte, R N and Sharpe, A. H. and Bluestone, J A and Mokyr, M B} } @article {542976, title = {The role of B7 co-stimulation in activation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.}, journal = {Immunol Rev}, volume = {165}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 Oct}, pages = {231-47}, abstract = {The functional significance of B7 co-stimulation in T-cell activation was described first in the context of preventing the induction of anergy. The functions of this pathway are far more complex than initially appreciated in view of the existence of two B7 molecules which have specificities for both CD28 and CTLA-4, which serve to amplify and terminate T-cell responses respectively. Mice lacking B7 co-stimulators and CD28 and CTLA-4 co-stimulatory receptors are helping to clarify the functions of this key immunoregulatory pathway. In this review we will focus on the role of B7 co-stimulation in the activation and differentiation of CD4+ helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic cells. The contribution of B7 co-stimulation to CD4+ responses depends upon the activation history of the T-cell and the strength of the T-cell antigen receptor signal. B7 co-stimulation contributes to interleukin (IL)-2 production by both naive and previously activated CD4+ T cells. B7 co-stimulation is most critical for the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to IL-4 producers, but predominately influences IL-2 production by previously activated CD4+ cells. B7 co-stimulation is important in development of cytotoxic T cells through both effects on T-helper cells and by direct co-stimulation of CD8+ cells.}, keywords = {Animals, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, HLA-B7 Antigen, Humans, Leukopoiesis, Lymphocyte Activation, Mice, Signal Transduction}, issn = {0105-2896}, author = {McAdam, A J and Schweitzer, A N and Sharpe, A. H.} } @article {542981, title = {Studies using antigen-presenting cells lacking expression of both B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) show distinct requirements for B7 molecules during priming versus restimulation of Th2 but not Th1 cytokine production.}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {161}, number = {6}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 Sep 15}, pages = {2762-71}, abstract = {The differentiation of CD4+ T cells into a Th1 vs Th2 phenotype profoundly influences the outcome of autoimmune and infectious diseases. B7 costimulation has been shown to affect the production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, depending on the system studied. There is, consequently, great interest in manipulating the B7 costimulatory signal for therapeutic purposes. To optimally manipulate this key immunoregulatory pathway, the contribution of B7 costimulation to cytokine production requires further clarification. We have compared the B7 requirement for cytokine production by naive vs previously activated T cells using DO11.10 TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells and splenic APCs from mice lacking B7 expression. Our data indicate that induction of IL-4 production and Th2 differentiation by naive T cells is highly dependent on B7 molecules, whereas IL-4 production by previously activated T cells is B7 independent. The predominant contribution of B7-mediated signals to Th1 cytokine production by both naive and primed T cells is upon IL-2 production (and expansion) rather than IFN-gamma (effector cytokine) production. Thus, our studies demonstrate that the antigenic experience of a T cell at the time of B7 blockade may determine whether blockade predominantly affects T cell expansion, differentiation, or effector cytokine production. These differential effects of B7 costimulation on IL-2 vs IFN-gamma production and on IL-4 production by naive vs primed T cells have important implications for understanding how B7:CD28/CTLA4 blockade can be effectively used to manipulate cytokine production in vivo.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Antigens, CD, Antigens, CD80, Antigens, CD86, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Immunization, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-4, Lymphocyte Activation, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Transgenic, Molecular Sequence Data, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells}, issn = {0022-1767}, author = {Schweitzer, A N and Sharpe, A. H.} }